Stimulation of orexin synthesis induces waking up. The neuropeptide orexin is recognized as an important on/off switch of sleep. Although this biological clock regulates timing of sleep, it is not responsible for sleep itself. Sunlight is a powerful timing cue of the human circadian rhythm. Late evening use of smart phones, electronic devices, exposure to blue light, caffeine containing drinks, and possibly stress in particular are important factors of sleep disturbances. Lifestyle is an important factor in sleep quality. It increases the risk of several metabolic derailments (e.g., diabetes mellitus, overweight) and changes behavior (e.g., less conscious, depression). However, insufficient sleep is prevalent across various age groups, often unrecognized, under-reported, and causing high economic costs. DP reduced salivary cortisol and stimulated Bifidobacterium, which possibly is important for sleep improvement.Ī good night of sleep is beneficial for overall health and well-being. Thus, although DP did not improve sleep quality in ITT and PP populations, it did in the modPP. Redundancy analysis showed an inverse relationship between baseline microbiota composition and baseline PSQI ( p = 0.046). Relative abundance of Bifidobacterium increased ( p = 0.02). Early morning saliva cortisol decreased versus placebo ( p = 0.045). Post-hoc analysis (modified-PP: n=47, with baseline PSQI ≥ 9, and endline day 14), however, showed a decrease in PSQI (−1.60 ± 2.53 p = 0.034). Compared to placebo (skimmed milk), PSQI was only lower at day 14 in the 2nd intervention period in intention-to-treat (ITT) ( p = 0.017 n = 69) and per-protocol (PP) ( p = 0.038 n = 64) analyses. Fecal samples were collected in the 1st intervention period only. Sleep quality (PSQI) was measured weekly, stress at base- and end-line (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and saliva cortisol). In a cross-over RCT (three weeks intervention three weeks washout), adults ( n = 70 30–50 y) with sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) ≥ 9) consumed products 1 h before bed-time. We studied the effect of a dairy-based product (DP) containing protein, galacto-oligosaccharides, vitamins and minerals, on sleep quality, stress, and gut-microbiota. People experiencing sleep problems may benefit from nutrients supporting serotonin metabolism and stress reduction.
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